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 "description": "A lack of information about urban habitats, and a lack of professionally-collected species\noccurrence data are often cited as major impediments to completing bioassessments\nin urban landscapes. We developed an urban biodiversity assessment framework\nthat addresses these challenges. The proposed framework combines a customized\nhierarchical urban habitat classification scheme with citizen science-generated species\noccurrence data, such as iNaturalist and eBird. It integrates publicly available data\non the physical and anthropogenic environment with species occurrence information\nand serves as a novel method for conducting urban biodiversity assessments. This\nframework provides insights into how species occurrences within an urban landscape\nare associated with spatial variation in the physical and anthropogenic environment. It\ncan also yield information useful for planning and conservation management aimed at\nmaintaining and enhancing the abundance and diversity of native and other desirable\nspecies in urban areas. This framework requires minimal taxonomic expertise on the\npart of those who employ it, and it can be implemented in urban areas worldwide,\nwherever adequate data exist. We demonstrate the application of this framework in\nthe highly urbanized portion of Los Angeles County, California, USA. Our demonstration\nused 18 physical and anthropogenic variables to classify our study area into nine urban\nhabitat types. We then assessed relationships between these urban habitat types with\nspecies occurrences using research-grade data from iNaturalist. This analysis detected\nsignificant differences in distributions of some species between these nine urban habitat\ntypes and demonstrated that the proposed framework can be used to conduct urban\nbiodiversity assessments.With increasing availability of remote sensing data and publiclygenerated\nbiodiversity data, this framework may be used for analysis of urban areas\naround the globe.",
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